Starvard · The Masters Library

Principles of Geology

تأليف Charles Lyell · 52 أجزاء · about 31 hours 16 minutes للقراءة

مرحبا, اسمي Finn وسأساعدك على فهم هذا الكتاب.

إليك الشرح, مبسطا كأن عمرك 10 سنوات:

انظر إلى جرف أو وادي نهر وسترى عملا بطيئا استغرق عصورا. جادل Charles Lyell بأن الأرض تشكلت تدريجيا، بنفس المطر والأنهار والبراكين والبحار التي يمكنك مشاهدتها اليوم، مع منحها وقتا هائلا. هذا هو الإصدار التاسع اللاحق لكتابه العظيم، مليء بأمثلة من جميع أنحاء العالم. قرأ Darwin كتاب Lyell عن كثب. غيرت أفكاره كيف يفكر الجميع في عمر كوكبنا.

المزيد عن Finn >

الكتاب الكامل يُقرأ بالإنجليزية. إليك جميع الفصول:

تنزيل الكتاب PDF (بالإنجليزية)

الفصول

Preface to the Ninth Edition4 min Chapter I: Geology Defined: Its Relation to Other Sciences7 min Chapter II: Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geology28 min Chapter III: History of the Progress of Geology: Continued67 min Chapter IV: History of the Progress of Geology: Continued36 min Chapter V: Prejudices Which Have Retarded the Progress of Geology29 min Chapter VI: Doctrine of the Discordance of the Ancient and Modern Causes of Change Controverted41 min Chapter VII: Farther Examination of the Question as to the Assumed Discordance of the Ancient and Modern Causes of Change43 min Chapter VIII: On Former Changes in Physical Geography and Climate41 min Chapter IX: Theory of the Progressive Development of Organic Life at Successive Geological Periods55 min Chapter X: Supposed Intensity of Aqueous Forces at Remote Periods17 min Chapter XI: On the Supposed Former Intensity of the Igneous Forces38 min Chapter XII: Difference in Texture of the Older and Newer Rocks10 min Chapter XIII: Uniformity in the Series of Past Changes in the Animate and Inanimate World46 min Chapter XIV: Aqueous Causes: Excavating and Transporting Power of Rivers48 min Chapter XV: Transportation of Solid Matter by Ice32 min Chapter XVI: Phenomena of Springs46 min Chapter XVII: Reproductive Effects of Rivers31 min Chapter XVIII: Reproductive Effects of Rivers: Continued67 min Chapter XIX: Destroying and Transporting Effects of Tides and Currents78 min Chapter XX: Action of Tides and Currents: Continued29 min Chapter XXI: Reproductive Effects of Tides and Currents19 min Chapter XXII: Igneous Causes37 min Chapter XXIII: Volcanic District of Naples34 min Chapter XXIV: Volcanic District of Naples: Continued52 min Chapter XXV: Etna63 min Chapter XXVI: Volcanoes of Iceland, Mexico, the Canaries, and Grecian Archipelago: Mud Volcanoes61 min Chapter XXVII: Earthquakes and Their Effects43 min Chapter XXVIII: Earthquake in Calabria, 178345 min Chapter XXIX: Earthquakes: Continued61 min Chapter XXX: Elevation and Subsidence of Land Without Earthquakes32 min Chapter XXXI: Causes of Earthquakes and Volcanoes29 min Chapter XXXII: Causes of Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Continued47 min Chapter XXXIII: Changes of the Organic World Now in Progress29 min Chapter XXXIV: Transmutation of Species: Continued32 min Chapter XXXV: Whether Species Have a Real Existence in Nature: Continued23 min Chapter XXXVI: Whether Species Have a Real Existence in Nature: Continued28 min Chapter XXXVII: Laws Which Regulate the Geographical Distribution of Species42 min Chapter XXXVIII: Laws Which Regulate the Geographical Distribution of Species: Continued41 min Chapter XXXIX: Laws Which Regulate the Geographical Distribution of Species: Continued42 min Chapter XL: Theories Respecting the Original Introduction of Species32 min Chapter XLI: Extinction of Species: Changes in the Stations of Animals28 min Chapter XLII: Extinction of Species: Influence of Inorganic Causes31 min Chapter XLIII: Extinction and Creation of Species15 min Chapter XLIV: Effects Produced by the Powers of Vitality on the State of the Earth's Surface24 min Chapter XLV: Inclosing of Fossils in Peat, Brown Sand, and Volcanic Ejections29 min Chapter XLVI: Burying of Fossils in Alluvial Deposits and in Caves30 min Chapter XLVII: Imbedding of Organic Remains in Subaqueous Deposits27 min Chapter XLVIII: Imbedding of the Remains of Man and His Works in Subaqueous Strata31 min Chapter XLIX: Imbedding of Aquatic Species in Subaqueous Strata20 min Chapter L: Formation of Coral Reefs53 min Concluding Remarks4 min