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Why this report exists

For 25 years, one deck told the internet what it looked like.

Mary Meeker's Internet Trends reports were the technology world's annual physical exam: hundreds of slides, one idea each, every claim pinned to a number.

1995
the series begins at Morgan Stanley
355
slides at its 2017 peak, the longest edition
2025
the series returns at Bond Capital, on AI alone
Series history as documented in the editions themselves and their published record.
Why this report exists

Her best calls were great. Her misses were printed too.

Called it

Mobile passing desktop. Messaging apps becoming platforms. Internet ads passing print, then TV. And the famous gap: in 2015 mobile held 24 percent of U.S. media time but 8 percent of ad spend, a gap she sized at 25 billion dollars.

Missed it

Critics said the decks sometimes stopped short of analysis. A 2013 statistic about phones being checked 150 times a day did not survive scrutiny. One study found she understated internet growth: 7 percent penetration forecast for 2010, 29 percent actual.

The method worth copying

Compilation, not primary research: UN and ITU data, Pew, company filings, every slide footnoted, and the whole thing published free while rivals kept theirs private. That is the model for this report.

Framing prepared from the published editions and the public record of the series.
How to read this report

Every number here can be checked.

We do not buy private data. This report is built only from strong public sources: the ITU, Pew Research, the Stanford AI Index, DataReportal, the IEA, company filings and official statistics. If a figure could not be sourced, it is not on a slide. Vintages are stated, because a 2025 number and a 2018 number are not the same kind of truth.

One honesty rule we kept from the first edition: where a classic chart cannot be rebuilt from public data (Meeker's time-versus-spend gap tables now sit behind a paywall), we say so on the slide instead of inventing the percentage.
Full source list in the closing slides; every slide carries its own source footnote.
01 · The Internet Now

It is still growing by a country a year.

+240M
new users in one year, 5.8 billion in 2024 to 6.0 billion in 2025
5.66B
social media identities, 68.7 percent of the world's population
2.5x
growth in social identities in a decade, 2.27 billion in 2015 to 5.66 billion
Sources: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025 · DataReportal, Digital 2026 (October 2025) · datareportal.com
01 · The Internet Now

Three regions are nearly done connecting. One is a third done.

CIS
93%
Europe
92%
The Americas
88%
Asia-Pacific
77%
World
74%
Arab States
70%
Africa
36%
Source: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025, internet use by region · itu.int
01 · The Internet Now

Income is the steepest ladder on Earth.

High income
94%
Upper-middle income
89%
World
74%
Lower-middle income
63%
Landlocked developing
38%
Least developed
34%
Low income
23%
Sources: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025 · World Bank Open Data (ITU indicator) · itu.int
01 · The Internet Now

City, countryside, men, women: the gaps stack.

Urban residents
85%
Men
77%
Women
71%
Rural residents
58%
Rural, low income
14%

About 180 million more women than men are offline.

Source: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025 and Global Connectivity Report 2025 · itu.int
01 · The Internet Now

The average adult is online 6 hours 38 minutes a day.

6h 38m

Roughly 40 percent of waking life. Social and video feeds alone take 18 hours 36 minutes a week, more than half of all online media time.

Sources: DataReportal, Digital 2025 and Digital 2026 (GWI data) · datareportal.com
01 · The Internet Now

The phone won. It is not close.

Mobile web traffic
58.5%
Desktop web traffic
39.9%
Tablet web traffic
1.6%
4.7B
people use mobile internet on their own device
99
mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 people worldwide
Sources: StatCounter Global Stats, 2025 averages · GSMA, State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2025 · ITU · itu.int
01 · The Internet Now

Subscriptions tell the same story, louder.

Mobile broadband, Americas
132
Mobile broadband, world
99
Mobile broadband, Africa
56
Fixed broadband, high income
39
Fixed broadband, world
20
Fixed broadband, low income
0.6

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. A low income country has about one fixed connection for every 65 in a high income country.

Source: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025, subscriptions · itu.int
02 · Attention

Two apps now hold 3 billion people each.

3B+
monthly users on WhatsApp, per Meta's Q1 2025 earnings call
3B
monthly users on Instagram, announced September 2025
6.75
different platforms used by the average online adult each month
Sources: Meta company statements, 2025 · DataReportal, Digital 2026 (GWI) · datareportal.com
02 · Attention

TikTok owns the day. YouTube owns the visit.

YouTube, minutes per session
14.5
TikTok, minutes per session
9.7
1h 37m
a day in TikTok per Android user, the most of any social app
2x
YouTube's total app time versus TikTok's
59m
a day in WhatsApp, opened 20+ times a day
Source: DataReportal, Digital 2026, Similarweb App Intelligence, August 2025 · datareportal.com
02 · Attention

Two giants tie at the top of monthly reach.

Facebook, monthly reach
56.9%
YouTube, monthly reach
55.4%

Share of online adults who used each in the previous month, by survey self-report.

Source: DataReportal, Digital 2026 (GWI, Q2 2025) · datareportal.com
02 · Attention

Audio quietly became a mass medium.

Listen to online audio monthly
79%
Have ever consumed a podcast
73%
Consume podcasts monthly
55%

Americans age 12 and over. Monthly podcast reach is now a majority habit.

Source: Edison Research, The Infinite Dial 2025 · edisonresearch.com
02 · The Race

Five days.

1,000,000 users ChatGPT 5 days Instagram 76 days Spotify about 145 days Launch Days from launch

Each line ends the day that service crossed one million users. For scale: Facebook took about 10 months, Netflix about 3.4 years.

Sources: Sam Altman, December 5, 2022 · Instagram's own milestone list (founded October 6, 2010; 1M on December 21, 2010) · Spotify via Music Ally, March 2, 2009 · musically.com
02 · The Race

The race to 100 million was not close either.

Threads
5 days
ChatGPT
2 months
TikTok
9 months
Instagram
874 days
Facebook
1,665 days
Twitter
1,881 days
Spotify
2,813 days

Netflix needed about a decade on its streaming service. One correction the record forced on us: the popular roundup table's "Spotify, 55 months" is wrong against Spotify's own numbers. It took 92 months.

Sources: Zuckerberg via Reuters, July 2023 · UBS study via Reuters, February 2023 · UBS citing Sensor Tower, for TikTok · company milestone lists for Instagram, Facebook, Spotify · techcrunch.com
02 · The Race

Then ChatGPT kept going.

Nov 2023
100M
Aug 2024
200M
Dec 2024
300M
Feb 2025
400M
Mar 2025
500M
Aug 2025
700M
Oct 2025
800M
Feb 2026
900M
Sep 2026
1.2B

Weekly users, each rung an OpenAI executive statement. The last rung is Sam Altman at DevDay, September 29, 2026, as reported; OpenAI has not published that figure on its own site, and we label it that way.

Sources: OpenAI statements at DevDay 2023, DealBook 2024, and via executives Lightcap and Turley, 2025 · OpenAI announcement, February 27, 2026 · final rung as reported from DevDay, September 2026 · technologychecker.io
02 · The Race

Meta AI claims a billion people too. Read the small print.

Oct 2024
500M+
Jan 2025
700M+
Apr 2025
almost 1B
May 2025
1B
The honest caveat: Meta AI's number rides distribution. It was built into WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook, whose search bars it replaced in April 2025; the standalone app launched only on April 29, 2025, and Meta's own CFO described usage as led by WhatsApp. One billion monthly users "across its apps" is a different thing from a billion people choosing a new product, and the chart should not pretend otherwise.
Sources: Mark Zuckerberg, Meta earnings calls Q3 2024 to Q1 2025, and the annual shareholder meeting, May 28, 2025, as reported by CNBC and TechCrunch · techcrunch.com
03 · The AI Shift

Use is compounding, not plateauing.

Messages a day, June 2024
451M
Messages a day, June 2025
2.63B
18B
messages a week by July 2025
10%
of the world's adults had adopted ChatGPT
~50%
of messages come from users under 26
Source: OpenAI and Harvard, How People Use ChatGPT, September 2025 · openai.com (PDF)
03 · The AI Shift

Most ChatGPT use is not work. It is life.

Non-work share, June 2024
53%
Non-work share, June 2025
73%

Practical guidance, seeking information, writing. And growth is strongest in low and middle income countries.

Source: OpenAI and Harvard, How People Use ChatGPT, 2025 · openai.com (PDF)
03 · The AI Shift

Companies crossed the majority line in 2024.

Orgs using AI, 2023
55%
Orgs using AI, 2024
78%
Orgs using generative AI, 2023
33%
Orgs using generative AI, 2024
71%
Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025 (McKinsey survey data) · hai.stanford.edu
03 · The AI Shift

Using it is normal. Scaling it is rare.

88%
of organizations use AI in at least one function (McKinsey, 2025)
7%
have AI fully scaled across the organization
40%
of U.S. employees use AI at work, up from 21 percent in 2023
Sources: McKinsey, The State of AI 2025 · Gallup, AI Use at Work, 2025 · gallup.com
03 · The AI Shift

The money is American, by a mile.

United States, private AI investment
$109B
China
$9.3B
United Kingdom
$4.5B

Global corporate AI investment hit a record $252.3 billion in 2024.

Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025, economy chapter · hai.stanford.edu
03 · The AI Shift

Industry builds the frontier now.

Notable models, United States
40
Notable models, China
15
Notable models, France
3

Nearly 90 percent of notable models in 2024 came from industry, up from 60 percent in 2023.

Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025 · hai.stanford.edu
03 · The AI Shift

Tests that were impossible in 2023 fell in 2024.

SWE-bench coding tasks, 2023
4.4%
SWE-bench coding tasks, 2024
71.7%
U.S. lead over China on MMLU, 2023
17.5 pts
U.S. lead over China on MMLU, 2024
0.3 pts
Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025 · hai.stanford.edu
03 · The AI Shift

The price of intelligence fell 280 fold.

Cost per million tokens, Nov 2022
$20.00
Cost per million tokens, Oct 2024
$0.07

At GPT-3.5 level performance. When a capability gets 280 times cheaper in two years, it stops being a feature and becomes infrastructure.

Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025 · hai.stanford.edu
03 · The AI Shift

AI answers are absorbing the click.

Clicks, no AI summary
15%
Clicks, AI summary shown
8%
Clicks on links inside the summary
1%

Pew tracked 68,879 real Google searches. Google's AI Overviews passed 2 billion monthly users by July 2025.

Sources: Pew Research Center, July 2025 · Alphabet Q2 2025 remarks · pewresearch.org
03 · The AI Shift

The second company is on a rocket of its own.

Start of 2025
$1B
August 2025
$5B
End of 2025
$9B
February 2026
$14B
April 2026
$30B
May 2026
$47B

Anthropic's annualized revenue run rate, every rung stated by Anthropic itself in its own announcements. Reports since put it higher still ($65 billion per Bloomberg, July 2026; $100 billion per The New York Times, September 2026). Those are reported figures, not company statements, so they stay in this footnote.

Source: Anthropic announcements (Series F, G and H posts) · anthropic.com
03 · The AI Shift

Its coding tool went from launch to $2.5 billion in nine months.

September 2025
$500M
November 2025
$1B
February 2026
$2.5B
10x
usage growth in Muse's first three months
~4%
of all public GitHub commits authored by Claude Code in February 2026 (SemiAnalysis estimate, cited by Anthropic)
Source: Anthropic announcements · anthropic.com
03 · The AI Shift

Big customers multiplied eighty fold.

Early 2024
~12
February 2026
500+
April 2026
1,000+
300,000+
business customers in total
8 of 10
of the Fortune 10 are Anthropic customers

Customers spending over one million dollars a year with Anthropic. One disclosure Anthropic has never made: a Claude user count. The circulating numbers are third party visit estimates, so they are not charted here.

Source: Anthropic announcements, 2024 to 2026 · anthropic.com
04 · Compute and Energy

AI is now an electricity story.

945 TWh

of electricity a year for data centres by 2030, more than double today, roughly Japan's entire electricity consumption. Demand from AI optimised centres more than quadruples.

Source: IEA, Energy and AI, 2025 · iea.org
04 · Compute and Energy

The buildout is the biggest cheque in tech history.

Hyperscaler capex, 2022
$156B
Hyperscaler capex, 2027 expected
$1,000B+
$115B
NVIDIA data centre revenue in fiscal 2025, up 142 percent
~half
of U.S. electricity demand growth to 2030 comes from data centres
Sources: J.P. Morgan Asset Management · NVIDIA fiscal 2025 results · IEA · jpmorgan.com
04 · Compute and Energy

Training runs are getting heavier, fast.

GPT-3 training emissions, 2020
588 t
GPT-4, 2023
5,184 t
Llama 3.1 405B, 2024
8,930 t

Tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Training compute doubles roughly every five months; hardware efficiency improves about 40 percent a year, and demand is winning.

Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025 (Epoch AI data) · hai.stanford.edu
05 · How the World Learns

One app teaches 128 million people every month.

Duolingo monthly users, Q2 2024
103.6M
Duolingo monthly users, Q2 2025
128.3M
Duolingo daily users, Q2 2025
47.7M
10.9M
people pay for the app, up 37 percent in a year
37%
of monthly users open it every single day
Source: Duolingo Q2 2025 shareholder letter (SEC filing) · sec.gov
05 · How the World Learns

Online courses crossed into the hundreds of millions.

183M

registered learners on Coursera alone, adding 7.5 million in a single quarter. Its AI courses passed 10 million enrollments, arriving at 12 a minute. edX reports 100 million learners of its own.

Sources: Coursera Q2 2025 shareholder letter · edX, February 2026 · edx.org
05 · How the World Learns

The honest counterweight: most never finish.

Best MOOC completion rate
52%
Median MOOC completion rate
12.6%
Lowest MOOC completion rate
0.7%

Across 221 courses studied at Lancaster University. Reach is solved. Follow-through is the open problem in online learning, and it is the problem worth solving.

Source: Jordan, MOOC completion research (Lancaster University repository) · lancs.ac.uk
05 · How the World Learns

Online stayed mainstream after the emergency ended.

U.S. undergrads taking an online course, fall 2021
61%
Studying exclusively online
28%

9.4 million undergraduates took at least one distance course in fall 2021, up from 36 percent taking any in 2019.

Source: NCES FastFacts (U.S. Department of Education) · nces.ed.gov
05 · How the World Learns

Video is the world's quiet classroom.

Watched a video to learn something new
51%
Called video important to how they learn
67%

U.S. YouTube users, in Pew's last dedicated study of learning on the platform (2018). Stated plainly because the vintage matters: this remains the benchmark figure, and no newer equivalent study has replaced it.

Source: Pew Research Center, 2018 · pewresearch.org
05 · How the World Learns

Employers say two skills in five are about to change.

New jobs created by 2030
170M
Jobs displaced by 2030
92M
~40%
of job skills change by 2030
63%
of employers cite the skills gap as the key barrier
77%
of employers plan to upskill their own workers
Source: World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2025 · weforum.org
05 · How the World Learns

The reskilling bill comes due for most workers.

Workers needing training by 2030, per 100
59
Unlikely to get it, per 100
11

That second bar is over 120 million people at risk of redundancy. The fastest growing skills employers name: AI, big data, cybersecurity, and right beside them, analytical thinking and resilience.

Source: World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2025 · weforum.org
06 · How the World Works

Hybrid is the settlement, and it is holding.

Hybrid
52%
Fully remote
26%
Fully on site
22%
27%
of paid U.S. workdays were worked from home in June 2025
46%
of remote capable workers would be unlikely to stay if remote work ended
Sources: Gallup, hybrid work indicators, 2025 · WFH Research (Barrero, Bloom, Davis), June 2025 · Pew Research Center, January 2025 · pewresearch.org
06 · How the World Works

AI use at work doubled in two years.

U.S. employees using AI, 2023
21%
U.S. employees using AI, 2025
40%
8%
use it daily, still a small core
82%
of company leaders expect to use AI agents as digital team members within 12 to 18 months
46%
of leaders say agents already fully automate some workflows
Sources: Gallup, 2025 · Microsoft, Work Trend Index 2025 · gallup.com
06 · How the World Works

Where AI skills get hired, per job ad.

Singapore
3.27%
Luxembourg
1.99%
Hong Kong
1.89%
United States
1.79%
Canada
1.41%
United Kingdom
1.26%

Share of 2024 job postings requiring AI skills. Generative AI as a named skill quadrupled its U.S. posting share in one year, 0.05 to 0.22 percent.

Source: Stanford AI Index Report 2025 (Lightcast data) · hai.stanford.edu
06 · How the World Works

Freelance's growth engine is AI work.

AI work volume growth, Q1 2025
+25%
AI work volume growth, Q2 2025
+30%
Prompt engineering growth, Q2 2025
+51%
28%
of skilled knowledge workers freelanced in the past year
3x
what AI clients spend versus the average client on Upwork
Sources: Upwork Q2 2025 results · Upwork Future Workforce Index 2025 · upwork.com
06 · How the World Works

The world's mood on AI splits by region.

China, AI has more benefits than drawbacks
83%
Indonesia
80%
Thailand
77%
United States
39%
Netherlands
36%

Sixty percent of people worldwide expect AI to change their job within five years. Optimism and adoption travel together.

Source: Ipsos survey data in the Stanford AI Index Report 2025 · hai.stanford.edu
07 · How the World Buys

How deep online buying runs, by country.

United Kingdom
28.8%
China, physical goods
26.1%
World
20.5%
United States
17.1%

Online share of retail, each from its own official or standard source: ONS (UK, August 2026), National Bureau of Statistics (China, 2025), EMARKETER (world, 2025), U.S. Census Bureau (Q2 2026, $340.2 billion).

Sources: ONS · NBS China · EMARKETER · U.S. Census Bureau · census.gov
07 · How the World Buys

The checkout moved to the phone, then to three aisles.

Electronics, U.S. online holiday sales
$59.8B
Apparel
$49.0B
Furniture
$31.1B
Grocery
$23.7B
56.4%
of U.S. online holiday transactions happened on a smartphone
66.5%
on Christmas Day itself
Source: Adobe, 2025 holiday shopping season report (November to December 2025) · adobe.com
07 · How the World Buys

Four adults in five can now be paid digitally.

Adults with a financial account, 2011
51%
2021
74%
2024
79%
61%
of adults in developing economies made or received a digital payment in 2024
36%
of adults in those economies bought something online
Source: World Bank, Global Findex Database 2025 · worldbank.org
07 · How the World Buys

The ad money lives online now.

Search advertising
$102.9B
Social advertising
$88.8B
Digital video advertising
$62.1B

U.S. internet advertising revenue reached $258.6 billion in 2024. Social was the fastest riser, up 36.7 percent.

Source: IAB, Internet Advertising Revenue Report, full year 2024 · iab.com
07 · How the World Buys

Creators became a line item.

Creator ad spend, 2021
$13.9B
Creator ad spend, 2024
$29.5B
Creator ad spend, 2025 projected
$37B
$70B+
paid by YouTube to creators, artists and media companies in three years
20.4%
of U.S. online holiday revenue arrived through affiliate and influencer links
Sources: IAB creator economy study, 2025 · Google (YouTube), February 2024 · Adobe, 2026 · iab.com
08 · The Other 2.2 Billion

The signal is there. The people are not on it.

Covered by mobile broadband, not using it
3.1B
Living beyond coverage entirely
0.3B

The usage gap is ten times the coverage gap. For most of the offline world, the barrier is no longer the network. It is cost, skills and relevance.

Source: GSMA, State of Mobile Internet Connectivity Report 2025 · gsma.com
08 · The Other 2.2 Billion

The same data costs 22 times more of a poor income.

Mobile data basket, global median
1.4%
The affordability target
2%
Fixed broadband basket, global median
2.5%
22x
more of their income low income subscribers pay than high income ones
4 in 10
low and middle income economies meet the 2 percent target on either basket
Source: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025, affordability · itu.int
08 · The Other 2.2 Billion

Even the newest networks stop at the income line.

5G coverage, high income countries
84%
5G coverage, low income countries
4%

And 36 percent of mobile broadband subscriptions are already 5G, roughly 3 billion connections, almost none of them in the countries that need cheap data most.

Source: ITU, Facts and Figures 2025 · itu.int
08 · The Other 2.2 Billion

Connected is not the same as connected well.

India region, GB per phone per month
37 GB
World average
22 GB
Sub-Saharan Africa
5 GB

A smartphone in the highest use region moves more than seven times the monthly data of one in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Source: Ericsson Mobility Report, November 2025 · ericsson.com
09 · What It Means (Opinion)

Our reading of the numbers.

The next classroom is a phone

Learning's giants are phone apps and video platforms, in exactly the markets where incomes are lowest. Whoever teaches well on a cheap phone, in the local language, owns the future of education.

AI is becoming a life tool first

Three quarters of ChatGPT messages are non-work now. Adoption is compounding in the developing world. The winning products will be the most useful and the most open.

Follow-through is the open frontier

Reach is solved; completion is not: a 12.6 percent median MOOC finish rate, 88 percent of firms using AI but 7 percent scaling it. The value of this decade goes to whoever closes the gap between access and outcome.

Opinion slide: Starvard Research's reading of the data in this report, labeled as such.
Sources

Every source used in this report

Connectivity and attention. ITU, Facts and Figures 2025 (internet use, subscriptions, affordability, coverage) · DataReportal, Digital 2026 and Digital 2025 (GWI, Similarweb) · GSMA, State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2025 · StatCounter · Ericsson Mobility Report · Edison Research, Infinite Dial 2025

AI and compute. Stanford AI Index Report 2025 · OpenAI and Harvard, How People Use ChatGPT · McKinsey, The State of AI 2025 · IEA, Energy and AI · J.P. Morgan Asset Management · NVIDIA fiscal 2025 results · Pew, AI summaries browsing study · Alphabet Q2 2025 remarks · OpenAI DevDay, October 2025

Learning and work. Duolingo Q2 2025 letter (SEC) · Coursera Q2 2025 letter · edX · Jordan MOOC research · NCES FastFacts · Pew, YouTube learning 2018 · WEF, Future of Jobs 2025 · Gallup · Microsoft Work Trend Index 2025 · WFH Research · Upwork

Commerce and creators. EMARKETER · U.S. Census Bureau · ONS · NBS China · World Bank, Global Findex 2025 · Adobe holiday report · IAB · IAB creator study · Google, YouTube payouts, 2024

The race and Anthropic. Altman, December 2022 (1M post) · Instagram milestone list · Spotify via Music Ally, 2009 · UBS study via Reuters, 2023 · Threads 100M, 2023 · Meta AI 1B claim, May 2025 · Anthropic Series F, G, H announcements · Anthropic, Muse $1B · Anthropic Economic Index

Method. Public sources only; no private data was bought and no figure was estimated by us. Each slide's footnote names its source and vintage. Where sources measure the same thing differently (the ITU and DataReportal count internet users differently, for example), the report keeps them in separate slides and never blends them.

Starvard is a project of Clear, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (EIN 47-3606375). Information is provided as-is for general education; it is descriptive reporting, not financial advice and not medical advice. This report is a compilation of public data; Starvard Research is not affiliated with or endorsed by Bond Capital, Mary Meeker, or any source cited.